Food Insecurity and Nutritional Status among Pregnant Women

Abstract

Background: Adequate nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for maternal and fetal health. This study aims to assess the nutritional status, food insecurity, and socio-demographic factors affecting the nutritional status of pregnant women in this region.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 903 pregnant women in Kailali district. Data were collected using structured questionnaires covering socio-demographic characteristics, food insecurity and knowledge of nutrition. Nutritional status was assessed using Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC). Statistical analysis was performed to identify associations between nutritional status and various factors.
Results: The majority of women (68.6%) had normal nutritional status (MUAC >23 cm), while 31.4% were either had severe or moderate malnutrition. Approximately 10% to 12% of participants reported food insecurity. A significant association was found between higher MUAC and factors such as sufficient nutrition knowledge, regular antenatal care visits, increased dietary intake, and a higher pre-pregnancy BMI. Ethnic disparities were also noted, with Dalit, Janjati, and Brahmin women having higher MUAC compared to Madeshi and Muslim women.
Conclusions: Nutritional deficiencies and food insecurity remain significant challenges for pregnant women in Kailali district. Strengthening nutrition education, improving food security, and promoting antenatal care can improve maternal nutrition and health outcomes.
Keywords: Acute malnutrition; antenatal care; dietary Intake; early marriage; food insecurity.